But there are a few rules to keep in mind:

• Neither the king nor the rook involved in castling can have moved before in the game.

• The squares between the king and the rook must be empty.

• The king can't be in check, nor can it pass through a square that is under attack.

• To perform castling, you need to move the king first and then the rook.

Castling is a useful move to enhance the king's safety and connect the rooks.

 

2. En Passant:

En Passant is a special pawn capture. If your opponent's pawn moves two squares forward from its starting position and ends up next to your pawn, your pawn can capture it diagonally as if it had moved only one square. But remember, you need to capture immediately after the opponent's pawn moves two squares. 

 

3. Pawn Promotion:

When a pawn reaches the far end of the board (the eighth rank for white pawns and the first rank for black pawns), it can be promoted. You can promote it to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. Most of the time, pawns are promoted to queens to increase their attacking potential, but in certain situations, choosing a different piece can be advantageous.

 

4. Stalemate (Pat):

Stalemate, known as "Pat," occurs when a player cannot move their king without putting it in danger, yet the king isn't in check. When this happens, the game ends in a draw.

​